Which modifiable risk factors should a nurse assess for a client with stable angina?

The assessment of modifiable risk factors for a client with stable angina is crucial in determining their heart health and potential for managing symptoms. Tobacco use and activity level are two significant modifiable risk factors. Tobacco use directly contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, which can exacerbate angina symptoms by narrowing the coronary arteries. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of coronary artery disease and improve overall cardiac health.

Similarly, the level of physical activity plays a vital role in cardiovascular health. Regular exercise helps improve cardiovascular fitness, can lower blood pressure, reduce weight, and improve lipid profiles—all of which contribute to better management of stable angina. By assessing these factors, nurses can help clients develop a tailored plan that may include smoking cessation programs and personalized exercise regimens, ultimately improving their health outcomes.

In contrast, age and family history are non-modifiable risk factors; while they are important to acknowledge in the overall risk assessment for cardiovascular disease, they cannot be changed. Similarly, genetics and ethnicity largely fall into the non-modifiable category, as they represent inherent characteristics that affect risk but are not subject to change. Access to healthcare and socioeconomic status potentially influences the client’s overall health and ability to manage conditions but do not directly relate to the primary